2^nd International Conference on Quantum Physics and Quantum Technology September 25-26, 2017 Berlin, Germany

In Quantum Physics, Quantum State refers to the state of a Quantum system. Quantum system can be either pure or mixed. A pure Quantum state is represented by a vector, called a state vector, in a Hilbert space. If this Hilbert Space is represented as a function space, then its elements are called Wave functions. when  pairs or groups of particles are generated or interact in ways such that the Quantum state of each particle cannot be described independently instead, a Quantum state may be given for the system as a whole then the phenomenon Entanglement occurs. Quantum vacuum zero-point energy is the lowest possible energy that a Quantum mechanical physical system may have. All Quantum mechanical systems undergo fluctuations even in their ground state and have associated zero-point energy, a consequence of their wave-like nature. It is the energy of its ground state. The symmetry of a particle state is determined by spin. At the same time, the state dynamics of quantum systems determines the entropy dynamics, as a characteristic of the order evolution. Recently, has been found that, while in a molecular system the entropy always increases (principle 2 of thermodynamics), in a matter-field system the entropy may decrease, suggesting interesting applications, such as environmental heat conversion into usable energy.

Quantum field theory is a body of physical principles that combines the elements of quantum mechanics with those of relativity to explain the behaviour and their interactions of subatomic particles via a variety of force fields. In quantum field theory, quantum mechanical interactions between particles are described by interaction terms between the corresponding underlying quantum fields. These interactions are conveniently visualized by Feynman diagrams, that also serve as a formal tool to evaluate various processes.

In physics, a string is a physical object that appears in string theory and related subjects. Unlike elementary particles, which are zero-dimensional or point-like by definition, strings are one-dimensional extended objects, Computational physics is the study and implementation of numerical analysis to solve problems in physics for which a quantitative theory already exists. Super symmetry (SUSY), a theory of particle physics, is a proposed type of space time symmetry that relates two basic classes of elementary particles: bosons, which have an integer-valued "spin", and fermions, which have a half-integer spin. In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings.

The problem of the flow of time, as it has been treated in analytic philosophy, owes its beginning to a paper written by J. M. E. McTaggart. In this paper he proposes two "temporal series". The first series, which means to account for our intuitions about temporal becoming, or the moving Now, is called the A-series. The A-series orders events according to their being in the past, present or future, simpliciter and in comparison to each other. The B-series eliminates all reference to the present, and the associated temporal modalities of past and future, and orders all events by the temporal relations earlier than and later than.In his paper "The Unreality of Time", argues that time is unreal since a) the A-series is inconsistent and b) the B-series alone cannot account for the nature of time as the A-series describes an essential feature of it.

A Quantum computer maintains a sequence of qubits. A single qubit can represent a one, a zero, or any quantum superposition of those two qubit states; a pair of qubits can be in any quantum superposition of 4 states, and three qubits in any superposition of 8 states. An Interpretation of Quantum mechanics is a set of statements which attempt to explain how Quantum mechanics informs our understanding of nature. In physics, the locality principle states that an object is only directly influenced by its immediate surroundings. Post-quantum cryptography refers to cryptographic algorithms (usually public-key algorithms) that are thought to be secure against an attack by a quantum computer. This is not true of the most popular public-key algorithms which can be efficiently broken by a sufficiently large quantum computer. The problem with the currently popular algorithms is that their security relies on one of three hard mathematical problems: the integer factorization problem, the discrete logarithm problem or the elliptic curve discrete logarithm problem.

In Quantum mechanics, an energy level is said to be degenerate if it corresponds to two or more different measurable states of a quantum system. Conversely, two or more different states of a Quantum mechanical system are said to be degenerate if they give the same value of energy upon measurement. The exchange interaction is a Quantum mechanical effect between identical particles. (Actually, one should better speak only of the exchange energy, or the exchange term, to avoid the incorrect idea that this effect corresponds to a classical force or potential.) In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics. In essence, it describes how light and matter interacts and is the first theory where full agreement between Quantum mechanics and special relativity is achieved. Recently, it has been discovered that a quantum particle is described by a non-conventional wave packet which, instead of the Hamiltonian includes the Lagrangian in the time dependent phase of the wave functions. Adopting a quantum relativistic principle which asserts that the time dependent phase of a quantum particle is invariant for an arbitrary exchange of coordinates, the relativistic mechanics of the particle and the electrodynamics of a field interacting with this particle are obtained.

An Interpretation of Quantum mechanics is a set of statements which attempt to explain how Quantum mechanics informs our understanding of nature. In physics, the locality principle states that an object is only directly influenced by its immediate surroundings. A physical theory is said to be a local theory if it is consistent with the principle of locality. The quantum action is an operator, although it is superficially different from the path integral formulation where the action is a classical function, the modern formulation of the two formalisms are identical. Interpretations of Quantum mechanics attempt to provide a conceptual framework for understanding the many aspects of Quantum mechanics which are not easily handled by the conceptual framework used for classical physics.

Quantum dissipation is the branch of physics that studies the quantum analogues of the process of irreversible loss of energy observed at the classical level. Its main purpose is to derive the laws of classical dissipation from the framework of quantum mechanics. A dissipative system is a thermodynamically open system which is operating out of, and often far from, thermodynamic equilibrium in an environment with which it exchanges energy and matter. Quantum technology is a new field of physics and engineering, which transitions some of the stranger features of quantum mechanics, especially quantum entanglement and most recently quantum tunnelling, into practical applications such as quantum computing, quantum cryptography, quantum simulation, quantum metrology, quantum sensing, and quantum imaging.

Wave Particle Duality is the concept that every elementary particle entity exhibits the properties of not only particles, but also waves. It addresses the inability of the classical concepts "particle" or "wave" to fully describe the behaviour of Quantum-scale objects. The WKB approximation is a method for finding approximate solutions to linear differential equations with spatially varying coefficients. It is typically used for a semi classical calculation in Quantum mechanics. Wightman axioms are an attempt at a mathematically rigorous formulation of Quantum field theory.

Quantum realm is a term of art in physics referring to scales where quantum mechanical effects become important when studied as an isolated system. Typically, this means distances of 100 nanometres (10−9 meters) or less or at very low temperature. More precisely, it is where the action or angular momentum is quantized. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) are nuclear power plants that smaller in size (300 MWe or less) than current generation base load plants (1,000 MWe or higher). Some time ago, it has been discovered that the penetrability of a potential barrier can be increased by coupling with a dissipative system, which suggests interesting applications in the molecular and the nuclear chemistry. Recently, it has been discovered that in a packet of superradiant systems, supplied by a current application, dissipation can be exceeded by heat absorption at the contacts between these system, suggesting physical structures for heat conversion into usable energy.